Publications:
See the full list at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lei-Bao-11/
Selected Publications:
1. Yushan Xiong, Jialan Liu, Jiejie Lai, Tongyi Zheng, Xuhuai Qu, Qiuye Li, Yi Zhong, Lei Bao, and Shaona Zhou, (2025) Bridging the novice-expert gap: The role of inhibitory control and interventions in overcoming buoyancy misconceptions, Physical Review Physics Education Research, (in press), https://doi.org/10.1103/s7tx-19rp.
2. Yajun Wei, Xinting Peng, Yi Zhong, Feipeng Pi, Yanfang Zhai, and Lei Bao, (2025) Can contextualized physics problems enhance student motivation? Physical Review Physics Education Research, 21(2), 020117, https://doi.org/10.1103/2g1b-hmhq.
3. Yiting Wang, Xiumei Feng, Yuchen Jiang, Li Xie, Min Xia, Lei Bao, (2025) Student difficulties and alternative conceptions in learning particle motion in force fields, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 21 (2), 020112, http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/1xx1-d8ql.
4. Dazhen Tong, Huihui Wu, Hongmei Ren, Zhirong Wang, Sudong Pan, and Lei Bao, (2025) Promoting knowledge integration in work and mechanical energy through conceptual framework and cooperative learning instruction, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 21 (1), 010163, https://doi.org/10.1103/lj4w-wsqb.
5. Xue Zhang, Yang Xiao, Lei Bao, Jing Zhang, Lan Yang, and Jianwen Xiong, (2025) Comparative Analysis of Engineering Elements in Five Chinese Junior High School Physics Textbooks, Science & Education, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-025-00649-w.
6. Yue Ming, Ying Nie, Lan Yang, Huixuan Yang, Lianxin Lian, Yang Xiao, Lei Bao, (2025) From Context Dependence to Scientific Understanding: Modeling Students’ Learning Progressions of Force Concepts via Latent Transition Analysis, X-Disciplinarity, 1 (2), 10, https://doi.org/10.63174/xdi.WGBQ7700.
7. Dazhen Tong, Bangjian Jin, Yang Tao, Hongmei Ren, A. Y. M. Atiquil Islam, and Lei Bao, (2025) Exploring the role of human-AI collaboration in solving scientific problems, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 21 (1), 010149, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.21.010149.
8. Li-Ching Lee, Ming-Tsan Su, Lei Bao, Po-Lei Lee, Shane Tutwiler, Ting-Kuang Yeh, Chun-Yen Chang, (2025) MicroRNAs modulate CaMKIIα/SIRT1 signaling pathway as a biomarker of cognitive ability in adolescents, Brain, Behavior, & Immunity – Health, 44, 100970, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2025.100970.
9. Li Xie, Zhi Li, Li-Mei Wang, and Lei Bao, (2025) Representations of Nature of Science in Chinese Physics Curriculum Standards over the Past Two Decades, Science & Education, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-024-00611-2.
10. Yi Ding, Guangtian Zhu, Qiuxin Bian, and Lei Bao, (2024) Analysis of Students’ Conceptual Change in Learning Newton’s Third Law with an Integrated Framework of Model Analysis and Knowledge Integration, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 20 (2), 020141, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.20.020141.
11. Dewei Ye, Jiali Qian, Wangyi Xu, Yuyang Lu, Shuli Wang, Longhai Xiao, and Lei Bao, (2024) Assessment of knowledge integration in student learning of galvanic cell: an interdisciplinary approach connecting physics and chemistry, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 20 (2), 020129, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.20.020129.
12. Yanrou Wen, Jiabei Lin, Yue Ming, Junpeng Zhang, Xianqiu Wu, Lei Bao, Keke Yu, Yang Xiao, (2024) Role of inhibition in overcoming interferences of misconception under similar feature saliency: An eye-tracking study of the projectile motion problem, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 20 (2), 020121, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.20.020121.
13. Zengze Liu, Sudong Pan, and Lei Bao, (2024) The Effectiveness of Conceptual Framework based Instruction on Promoting Knowledge Integration in Learning Simple Electric Circuit, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 20 (2), 020113, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.20.020113.
14. Xiaoyu Tang, Yayun Gong, Yang Xiao, Jianwen Xiong, Lei Bao, (2024) Facial Expression Recognition for Probing Students’ Emotional Engagement in Science Learning, Journal of Science Education and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-024-10143-7.
15. Lan Yang, Leheng Huang, Xianqiu Wu, Jianwen Xiong, Lei Bao, and Yang Xiao, (2024) Assessment of preservice physics teachers’ knowledge of student understanding of force and motion, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 20, 010148, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.20.010148.
16. Li Xie, Yi Li, Qing Fu, Yang Xiao, Lan Yang, and Lei Bao, (2024) Assessing and Enhancing Students’ Knowledge Integration in Learning Electromagnetic Induction, International Journal of Science Education, https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2024.2371165.
17. Chuting Lu, Yating Liu, Shaorui Xu, Shaona Zhou, Heather Mei, Xiangqun Zhang, Lan Yang, Lei Bao, (2023) Conceptual Framework Assessment of Knowledge Integration in Student Learning of Measurement Uncertainty, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 19 (2), 020145, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.020145.
18. Wangyi Xu, Yonggui Jiang, Lan Yang, and Lei Bao, (2023) Conceptual Framework based Instruction for Promoting Knowledge Integration in Learning Momentum, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 19 (2), 020124, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.020124.
19. Lei Bao, Li Xie, Shihong Ma, Cheng Chen, Xiangqun Zhang, Min He, Hui Lu, Xiumei Feng, Ende Zhang, Ying Nie, Yingjie Han & Jacqueline Y. Bao, (2023), The STEM Aspirations of China’s Future Workforce, Journal of Science Education and Technology, 05/01/2023 online first, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-023-10044-1.
20. Dazhen Tong, Jia Liu, Yechao Sun, Qiaoyi Liu, Xiangqun Zhang, Sudong Pan, and Lei Bao, (2023) Assessment of student knowledge integration in learning work and mechanical energy, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 19 (1), 010127, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.010127.
21. Jiabei Lin, Yuting Xing, Yudi Hu, Jian Zhang, Lei Bao, Kaiqing Luo, Keke Yu, and Yang Xiao, (2023) Inhibitory control involvement in overcoming the position-velocity indiscrimination misconception among college physics majors, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 19 (1), 010112, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.010112.
22. Zengze Liu, Sudong Pan, Xiangqun Zhang, and Lei Bao, (2022) Assessment of knowledge integration in student learning of simple electric circuits, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 18 (2), DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.18.020102.
23. Lei Bao, Kathleen Koenig, Yang Xiao, Joseph Fritchman, Shaona Zhou, Cheng Chen, (2022) Theoretical model and quantitative assessment of scientific thinking and reasoning, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 18 (1), DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.18.010115.
24. Li Xie, Qiaoyi Liu, Hui Lu, Qingyong Wang, Jing Han, XiuMei Feng, and Lei Bao, (2021) Student knowledge integration in learning mechanical wave propagation, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 17 (2), 020122, doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.17.020122.
25. Lei Bao & Joseph C. Fritchman, (2021) Knowledge integration in student learning of Newton’s third law: Addressing the action-reaction language and the implied causality, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 17 (2), 020116, doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.17.020116.
26. Haoli Zhuang,Yang Xiao, Qiaoyi Liu, Bing Yu, Jianwen Xiong, & Lei Bao, (Published online: 30 May 2021) Comparison of Nature of Science Representation in Five Chinese High School Physics Textbooks, International Journal of Science Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2021.1933647.
27. Cheng Chen, Lei Bao, Joseph C. Fritchman, and Hemin Ma, (2021) Causal reasoning in understanding Newton’s third law, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 17 (1), 010128, doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.17.010128.
28. Zhou, S., Liu, Q, Koenig, K., Li, Q, Xiao, Y., & Bao, L. (2021). Analysis of two-tier question scoring methods: a case study on the Lawson’s classroom test of scientific reasoning. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 20(1), 146-159. doi:https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/21.20.146
29. Qingwei Chen, Guangtian Zhu, Qiaoyi Liu, Jing Han, Zhao Fu, & Lei Bao, (2020) Development of a multiple-choice problem-solving categorization test for assessment of student knowledge structure, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 16 (2), 020120, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.16.020120
30. Yang Xiao, Guiqing Xu, Jing Han, Hua Xiao, Jianwen Xiong, & Lei Bao, (2020) Assessing the Longitudinal Measurement invariance of the Force Concept Inventory and the Conceptual Survey of Electricity and Magnetism, Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 16(2):020103, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.16.020103
31. Wangyi Xu, Qiaoyi Liu, Kathleen Koenig, Joseph Fritchman, Jing Han, Sudong Pan & Lei Bao, (2020) Assessment of Knowledge Integration in Student Learning of Momentum, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 16(1), 010130. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.16.010130
32. Yang Xiao, Joseph C. Fritchman, Jacqueline Y. Bao, Ying Nie, Jing Han, Jianwen Xiong, Hua Xiao, & Lei Bao, (2019) Linking and comparing short and full-length concept inventories of electricity and magnetism using item response theory, Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 15 (2) 020149. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.15.020149
33. Bao, L., Koenig, K. Physics education research for 21st century learning. Discip Interdscip Sci Educ Res 1, 2 (2019) doi:10.1186/s43031-019-0007-8
34. Ying Nie, Yang Xiao, Joseph C. Fritchman, Qiaoyi Liu, Jing Han, Jianwen Xiong & Lei Bao (2019) Teaching towards knowledge integration in learning force and motion, International Journal of Science Education, 41:16, 2271-2295, DOI:10.1080/09500693.2019.1672905
35. Rui Dai, Joseph C. Fritchman, Qiaoyi Liu, Yang Xiao, Haibo Yu, & Lei Bao, (2019) Assessment of student understanding on light interference, Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 15(2), 020134. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.15.020134
36. Bao, L. & Fritchman, J. Dual-Space Information Modeling of Socio-Economic Systems under Information Asymmetry. Entropy, 21(5), 528, (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/e21050528
37. Yang Xiao, Kathleen Koenig, Jing Han, Qiaoyi Liu, Jianwen Xiong, Lei Bao, “Test equity in developing short version conceptual inventories: A case study on the Conceptual Survey of Electricity and Magnetism,” Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 15, 010122, (2019).
38. Kathleen Koenig, Krista E. Wood, Larry Bortner, & Lei Bao, “Modifying Traditional Labs to Target Scientific Reasoning,” Journal of College Science Teaching, 48(5), 28-35, (2019).
39. Lei Bao, Yang Xiao, Kathleen Koenig, & Jing Han, “Validity Evaluation of the Lawson Classroom Test of Scientific Reasoning,” Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 14, 020106, (2018).
40. Yang Xiao, Jing Han, Kathleen Koenig, Jianwen Xiong, & Lei Bao , “Multilevel Rasch modeling of two-tier multiple choice test: A case study using Lawson’s classroom test of scientific reasoning,” Phys. Rev. Phys. Educ. Res. 14, 020104 (2018).
41. Bao, L. & Fritchman J., (2018) Information of Complex Systems and Applications in Agent Based Modeling, Nature: Scientific Reports 8, Article number: 6177, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-24570-1.
42. Han, J., Chen, L., Fu, Z., Fritchman, J., & Bao, L. (2017). An Eye-tracking Study of Visual Attention in Web based Assessment with the Force Concept Inventory, Eur. J. Phys. 38 (4) 045702.
43. Koenig, K., Zydney, J., Behr, D., & Bao, L. (2017) Enhancing a Scientific Inquiry Lesson through Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, Science Scope, 41 (9), 80-87, doi 10.2505/4/ss17_041_01_80.
44. Han, J., Koenig, K., Cui, L., Fritchman, J., Li, D., Sun, W., Fu, Z., & Bao, L. (2016) Experimental Validation of the Half-Length Force Concept Inventory, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 12, 020122.
45. Zhou, S., Han, J., Koenig, K., Raplinger, A., Pi, Y., Li, D., Xiao, H., Fu, Z., & Bao, L. (2016) Assessment of Scientific Reasoning: the Effects of Task Context, Data, and Design on Student Reasoning in Control of Variables, Thinking Skills and Creativity, 19, 175–187.
46. Han, J., Bao, L., Chen, L., Cai, T., Pi, Y., Zhou, S., Tu, Y., & Koenig, K., (2015) Dividing the Force Concept Inventory into Two Equivalent Half-Length Tests, Physical Review Physics Education Research, 11, 010112.
47. Koenig, K., Schen, M., & Bao, L., “Explicitly Targeting Pre-service Teacher Scientific Reasoning Abilities and Understanding of Nature of Science through an Introductory Science Course,” Science Educator, 21, no. 2, 1-9 (2012).
48. Koenig, K., Schen, M., Edwards, M. & Bao, L., “Addressing STEM Retention through a Scientific Thought and Methods Course,” Journal of College Science Teaching, 41, no. 4, 23-29 (2012).
49. Shaona Zhou, Jing Han, Nathaniel Pelz, Xiaojun Wang, Liangyu Peng, Hua Xiao, Lei Bao, Inquiry Style Interactive Virtual Experiments: A Case on Circular Motion, European Journal of Physics, 32, 1597-1606, (2011).
50. Lin Ding, Neville Reay, Albert Lee, and Lei Bao, Exploring the role of conceptual scaffolding in solving synthesis problems, Phys. Rev. ST Physics Ed. Research 7, 020109 (2011), https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.7.020109.
51. Albert Lee, Lin Ding, N. W. Reay, and Lei Bao, “Single-Concept Clicker Question Sequences,” Physics Teacher,49 (6) p385-389, (2011) .
52. Jing Wang and Lei Bao, “Analyzing Force Concept Inventory with Item Response Theory,” Am. J. Phys., 78 (10), 1064-1070 (2010).
53. Lei Bao, Tianfan Cai, Kathy Koenig, Kai Fang, Jing Han, Jing Wang, Qing Liu, Lin Ding, Lili Cui, Ying Luo, Yufeng Wang, Lieming Li, Nianle Wu, “Learning and Scientific Reasoning”, Science, Vol. 323. no. 5914, pp. 586 – 587 (2009), DOI: 10.1126/science.1167740.
54. Lei Bao, Kai Fang, Tianfang Cai, Jing Wang, Lijia Yang, Lili Cui, Jing Han, Lin Ding, and Ying Luo “Learning of Content Knowledge and Development of Scientific Reasoning Ability: A Cross Culture Comparison,” Am. J. Phys., 77 (12), 1118-1123 (2009).
55. Lin Ding, Neville W. Reay, Albert Lee and Lei Bao, “Are we asking the right questions? Validating clicker question sequences through student interviews,” Am. J. Phys., 77 (7), 643-650 (2009).
56. L. Bao, S. Stonebraker, and H. Sadaghiani, “A Flexible Homework Method,” Am. J. Phys., 76 (9), 878-881 (2008), https://doi.org/10.1119/1.2955791.
57. Lin Ding, Neville W. Reay, Albert Lee and Lei Bao, “The effects of testing conditions on conceptual survey results,” Phys. Rev. ST Phys. Educ. Res. 4, 010112 (2008).
58. David E. Pritchard, Young-Jin Lee and Lei Bao, “Mathematical learning models that depend on prior knowledge and instructional strategies,” Phys. Rev. ST Phys. Educ. Res. 4, 010109 (2008)
59. N.W. Reay, P. Li, and L. Bao, “Testing a New Voting Machine Methodology,” Am. J. Phys. 76 (2) 171-178 (2008).
60. L. Bao and E. F. Redish, “Model Analysis: Assessing the Dynamics of Student Learning,” Phys. Rev. ST Phys. Educ. Res. 2, 010103 (2006).
61. L. Bao, “Theoretical Comparison of Average Normalized Gain Calculations,” Am. J. Phys. 74 (10) 917-922 (2006).
62. Gyoungho Lee, Jongho Shin, Jiyeon Park, Sangho Song, Yeonsoo Kim, Lei Bao, “An Integrated Theoretical Structure of Mental Models in Science Education: Students’ ideas of the circular motion,” J. Korea Assoc Res. Sci. Edu. 25-6, 698-709 (2005).
63. M. C. Wittmann, J. T. Morgan, and L. Bao, “Addressing student models of energy loss in quantum tunneling,” Eur. J. Phys. 26 939-950 (2005). Chosen for “Highlights of 2005” by the journal.
64. N. W. Reay, L. Bao, P. Li, R. Warnakulasooriya and G. Baugh, “Toward an effective use of voting machines in physics lectures,” Am. J. Phys. 73, 554 (2005)
65. L. Bao and E. F. Redish, “Understanding probabilistic interpretations of physical systems: A pre-requisite to learning quantum physics”, Am. J. Phys. 70 (3), 210-217, (2002)
66. L. Bao, K. Hogg, and D. Zollman, “Model Analysis of Fine Structures of Student Models: An Example with Newton's Third Law,” Am. J. Phys. 70 (7), 766-778 (2002).
67. L. Bao and E. F. Redish, “Concentration Analysis: A Quantitative Assessment of Student States,” PERS of Am. J. Phys. 69 (7), S45-53, (2001).